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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

66
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
66
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

15
Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

266
In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
266
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
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Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

24
Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to...
24
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

20
Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Hepatitis E in developed countries: current status and future perspectives.

Harry R Dalton1, Nassim Kamar, Jacques Izopet

  • 1Cornwall Gastrointestinal Unit, Royal Cornwall Hospital & European Centre for the Environment & Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro TR1 3LJ, UK.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is now recognized in developed countries, often from pigs. Emerging research links HEV infection to neurological conditions like Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Keywords:
chronic infectioncirrhosishepatitishepatitis Epigszoonosis

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology and Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was historically endemic to developing nations.
  • Recent evidence indicates HEV is prevalent in developed countries, causing both acute and chronic infections.
  • Porcine zoonosis, specifically genotypes 3 (HEV3) and 4 (HEV4), is the primary transmission route in these regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the evolving understanding of Hepatitis E virus epidemiology.
  • To underscore the zoonotic nature of HEV in developed countries.
  • To present the expanding clinical spectrum of HEV, including neurological manifestations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent epidemiological studies on HEV.
  • Analysis of clinical case data associating HEV with neurological syndromes.
  • Genotyping of HEV strains involved in human infections.

Main Results:

  • HEV is a significant cause of liver disease in developed countries.
  • HEV genotypes 3 and 4 are commonly transmitted from pigs to humans.
  • HEV infection is increasingly associated with neurological disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and neuralgic amyotrophy.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis E is an emerging health concern in developed countries, primarily through zoonotic transmission.
  • The clinical presentation of Hepatitis E is broader than initially recognized, encompassing significant neurological complications.
  • Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms and management of HEV-associated neurological syndromes.