Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke
Published on: February 12, 2015
In Vitro-In Vivo Correlations Observed With Indacaterol-Based Formulations Delivered with the Breezhaler®
Jeffry G Weers1, Andrew R Clark1, Nagaraja Rao1
11 Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation , San Carlos, California, United States .
Background:
Establishing robust in vitro-in vivo correlations (IVIVC) between aerosol performance, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy is critical in developing bioequivalent drug-device combination products. Recent studies have demonstrated that realistic throat models tested under realistic test conditions may provide good IVIVC with respect to total lung deposition.
Methods:
The Alberta idealized throat (AIT) model was utilized with mean peak inspiratory flow rates determined from patient breathing studies. Various formulations of indacaterol (e.g., lactose blends, fixed dose combinations, engineered PulmoSphere™ particles) were tested in the AIT model and in clinical pharmacokinetic studies.
Results:
Good IVIVC were observed with respect to total lung deposition, systemic delivery, and the contribution of oral absorption to systemic delivery, with percentage differences from the mean in vivo measurements <15%, with most comparisons <5%.
Conclusions:
Anatomical throat models represent an exciting tool to aid in formulation development of pharmaceutical aerosols.
Related Concept Videos
Drug Product Performance: In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation
Antiasthma Drugs: β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists
One class of bronchodilators includes β2-adrenoceptor agonists. These agents target the β2-adrenoceptors located on bronchial smooth muscle cells. By stimulating these receptors, β2-agonists induce...
Pulmonary Function Tests
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
PFTs involve using a spirometer, a...
Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations
Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications
Classification of Asthma
Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management
Clinical Assessment for Asthma:
This is the first step in diagnosing and managing asthma. It includes:

