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Apoptosis01:30

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
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New data on programmed aging - slow phenoptosis.

M V Skulachev1, V P Skulachev

  • 1Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia
|December 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging is not universal; some species like the naked mole rat show no signs of aging due to unique biological mechanisms. This suggests aging is an optional program that can be regulated or inhibited.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Physiology
  • Gerontology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Aging, characterized by functional decline and increased mortality, is not a universal biological phenomenon.
  • The naked mole rat, a long-lived rodent, exhibits remarkable resistance to aging and age-related diseases.
  • Its unique biology offers insights into mechanisms that can prevent or slow down the aging process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current data on the biochemistry and physiology of aging across different organisms.
  • To investigate the mechanisms behind the non-aging phenotype observed in certain species, particularly the naked mole rat.
  • To explore the optional nature of aging and factors influencing its regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing scientific literature on aging, biochemistry, and physiology.
  • Examination of the molecular mechanisms, including hyaluronan accumulation and its role in cancer and ROS protection in naked mole rats.
  • Review of studies on factors influencing aging, such as social structure, environmental stress, and genetic manipulation.

Main Results:

  • Hyaluronan accumulation in naked mole rats provides anti-cancer effects (contact inhibition) and geroprotective effects against ROS-induced apoptosis.
  • The eusocial lifestyle of naked mole rats removes natural selection pressure, making the aging program unnecessary for individual survival.
  • Aging can be slowed or inhibited by factors like caloric restriction, environmental stress, and genetic interventions, including mitochondrial catalase and SkQ1 antioxidants.

Conclusions:

  • Aging is an optional biological program, not an inevitable fate for all organisms.
  • The naked mole rat serves as a model organism demonstrating that aging can be suppressed through specific molecular and lifestyle adaptations.
  • Understanding these mechanisms opens avenues for interventions to slow aging and combat age-related diseases in other species.