Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

2.8K
The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
2.8K
Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

3.4K
Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...
3.4K
Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:24

Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

1.7K
Centrally acting muscle relaxants reduce muscle tone and tension by interfering with the postsynaptic reflexes in the central nervous system.
Centrally acting drugs are classified into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic drugs such as baclofen, diazepam, and tizanidine inhibit spinal motor neurons and decrease muscle tone. Spasmolytic drugs are administered for severe and chronic spasms due to multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, and spinal cord and muscle injuries. However,...
1.7K
Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification01:29

Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification

1.5K
Spasmolytic agents are drugs used to alleviate muscle spasms and spasticity. They can be categorized into different chemical groups based on their mechanisms of action. Centrally acting spasmolytics primarily affect the spinal cord, while others directly target skeletal muscle cells.
A major class of centrally acting spasmolytics is the α2-agonist, such as tizanidine. These drugs bind to α2-adrenoceptors, inhibiting the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. They also...
1.5K
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

1.2K
Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
1.2K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

2.0K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
2.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Rab4 spatially and functionally converges with Rab7 in the degradative endolysosomal network.

Molecular biology of the cellยท2026
Same author

CSF ฮฑ-Synuclein Seed Amplification Assays and Skin Immunofluorescence: Clinical Applications, Research Opportunities, and Knowledge Gaps.

Neurologyยท2026
Same author

Allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the aging kidney: secondary results of a Parkinson's disease clinical trial.

Stem cell research & therapyยท2025
Same author

Allogeneic Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized Trial.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Societyยท2025
Same author

Cytokines as biomarkers of Huntington's disease progression.

Expert review of molecular diagnosticsยท2025
Same author

Role of alpha-synuclein seed amplification assay in Parkinson's disease clinical trials: A case of misdiagnosis.

Clinical parkinsonism & related disordersยท2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Lumbar Intrathecal Injection of SOD1-ASOs for Precise CNS Targeting and Predictive Efficacy in Human SOD1-G93A ALS Mice
04:45

Lumbar Intrathecal Injection of SOD1-ASOs for Precise CNS Targeting and Predictive Efficacy in Human SOD1-G93A ALS Mice

Published on: February 24, 2026

369

Spasticity and intrathecal baclofen.

Erin Furr-Stimming1, Allison M Boyle1, Mya C Schiess1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Division, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas.

Seminars in Neurology
|December 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy effectively reduces severe spastic tone by delivering medication directly to the spinal cord, minimizing systemic side effects associated with oral baclofen. This review explores current ITB management strategies and future therapeutic developments.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy
07:20

Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy

Published on: August 9, 2024

2.2K
Treating Low Back Pain in Failed Back Surgery Patients with Multicolumn-lead Spinal Cord Stimulation
04:42

Treating Low Back Pain in Failed Back Surgery Patients with Multicolumn-lead Spinal Cord Stimulation

Published on: June 26, 2018

15.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Lumbar Intrathecal Injection of SOD1-ASOs for Precise CNS Targeting and Predictive Efficacy in Human SOD1-G93A ALS Mice
04:45

Lumbar Intrathecal Injection of SOD1-ASOs for Precise CNS Targeting and Predictive Efficacy in Human SOD1-G93A ALS Mice

Published on: February 24, 2026

369
Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy
07:20

Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy

Published on: August 9, 2024

2.2K
Treating Low Back Pain in Failed Back Surgery Patients with Multicolumn-lead Spinal Cord Stimulation
04:42

Treating Low Back Pain in Failed Back Surgery Patients with Multicolumn-lead Spinal Cord Stimulation

Published on: June 26, 2018

15.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Severe spastic tone and hypertonia are disabling consequences of neurologic insults, often treated with oral baclofen.
  • Oral baclofen effectiveness is limited by systemic side effects like sedation and confusion.

Observation:

  • Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy bypasses systemic circulation, delivering medication directly to the spinal cord.
  • ITB works via presynaptic inhibition to reduce spastic tone, as demonstrated since Penn and Kroin's 1984 findings.

Findings:

  • Numerous studies confirm the benefits and effectiveness of ITB therapy in modulating and reducing spastic tone.
  • Current clinical practice involves reviewing management methods, knowledge, controversies, and scientific literature on ITB.

Implications:

  • ITB therapy offers a targeted approach to managing spasticity with potentially fewer systemic side effects.
  • This review provides insights into current clinical practice and emerging therapeutic developments in ITB therapy.