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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Forensic Psychology

Background:

  • Memory accuracy and confidence are crucial in eyewitness testimony.
  • Age-related differences in memory recall and susceptibility to misinformation are not fully understood.
  • The Cognitive Interview (CI) is a standard technique for memory retrieval.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in memory confidence for accurate and inaccurate information.
  • To examine the effectiveness of retrieval warnings on misinformation recall in younger and older adults.
  • To assess the impact of repeated retrieval stages within the Cognitive Interview on memory yield across age groups.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments involved younger and older adults witnessing a simulated event, receiving misleading information, and undergoing the Cognitive Interview.
  • Participants' confidence in recalled information (correct and incorrect) was measured.
  • Retrieval warnings were administered in Experiment 2.
  • Memory yield across CI stages was analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Older adults showed disproportionately higher confidence in incorrect information compared to younger adults, even when matched for overall memory accuracy.
  • Retrieval warnings were equally effective in reducing misinformation recall in both age groups.
  • The final retrieval stage of the CI elicited significantly less new information from older adults compared to younger adults.

Conclusions:

  • Older adults may be more prone to high-confidence errors, impacting eyewitness reliability.
  • While warnings mitigate misinformation effects, repeated questioning during a single session is less productive for older adults.
  • Investigative interview strategies may need age-specific adaptations to maximize information retrieval from older witnesses.