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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

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Sex differences on prefrontally-dependent cognitive tasks.

Kelly L Evans1, Elizabeth Hampson1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada.

Brain and Cognition
|December 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sex differences in brain function may exist, particularly in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC/OFC). Males showed distinct performance on decision-making and reversal learning tasks, suggesting potential VMPFC/OFC sexual differentiation.

Keywords:
Decision-makingPrefrontal cortexReversal learningSex differenceWorking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Behavioral Endocrinology

Background:

  • Preliminary evidence suggests sex steroids modulate the prefrontal cortex (PFC).
  • Understanding sex differences in cognitive functions linked to PFC is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex differences in working memory and ventromedial PFC/orbitofrontal cortex (VMPFC/OFC) functions.
  • To examine performance on tasks emphasizing monitoring, updating, and VMPFC/OFC engagement.

Main Methods:

  • Healthy young adults (48 females, 45 males) completed the n-back, Self-Ordered Pointing (SOP), Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and a probabilistic reversal learning task.
  • Performance metrics were analyzed for sex-based variations.

Main Results:

  • Males selected more advantageous decks on the IGT compared to females.
  • Males made fewer errors during the reversal phase of the probabilistic reversal learning task.
  • No significant sex differences were observed on the n-back or SOP tasks.

Conclusions:

  • Findings tentatively support the hypothesis of sexually differentiated functions within the VMPFC/OFC in humans.
  • Sex differences in decision-making and cognitive flexibility may be linked to VMPFC/OFC function.