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Cross-protective immunity between equine encephalomyelitis viruses in equids.

T E Walton1, M M Jochim, T L Barber

  • 1USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Laramie, WY 82071-3965.

American Journal of Veterinary Research
|September 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary

Equids immunized with eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) or western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) showed cross-protective immunity against Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus. This confirmed field observations during the 1971 VEE epizootic.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Immunology
  • Equine Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Equine encephalomyelitis viruses, including Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE), Western Equine Encephalomyelitis (WEE), and Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis (VEE), pose significant threats to equine health.
  • Previous epizootics, such as the 1971 VEE outbreak in Texas, suggested potential cross-protective immunity between different encephalomyelitis viruses in equids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cross-protective immunity conferred by prior immunization with EEE or WEE viruses against a challenge with a virulent VEE virus strain in equids.
  • To quantify the impact of pre-existing immunity on VEE virus viremia, mortality, and antibody responses.

Main Methods:

  • Equids were experimentally inoculated with EEE or WEE viruses to establish seropositivity.

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  • Surviving EEE and WEE virus-seropositive equids, along with non-immunized controls, were subsequently challenged with an epizootic strain of VEE virus.
  • Mortality rates, VEE virus viremia levels, and plaque-neutralizing antibody responses were monitored post-challenge.

    • Main Results:

    • EEE virus-seropositive equids exhibited complete survival (0% mortality) following VEE virus challenge, while WEE virus-seropositive equids showed reduced mortality (40%) compared to controls (90%).
    • Viremia levels of VEE virus were significantly lower in both EEE and WEE virus-seropositive equids compared to non-immunized controls.
    • Neutralizing antibody responses to VEE virus in previously immunized equids were comparable in onset and titer to those in control equids, with 19 of 27 equids developing detectable antibodies.

    Conclusions:

    • Prior immunization with EEE or WEE viruses induces significant cross-protective immunity in equids against virulent VEE virus challenge.
    • The findings support the hypothesis of shared antigenic components or cross-reactive immune mechanisms between these equid encephalomyelitis viruses.
    • This study validates field observations and provides experimental evidence for cross-protection, relevant for understanding and managing VEE outbreaks.