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Related Concept Videos

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
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Types of RNA01:23

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip
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Method for the Isolation and Identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and Protein Components of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from Cell Extracts using RIP-Chip

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mRNAs that specifically interact with eukaryotic ribosomal subunits.

Jules Deforges1, Nicolas Locker2, Bruno Sargueil1

  • 1CNRS UMR8015, laboratoire de cristallographie et RMN biologiques, France; Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'observatoire, Paris Cedex 06, 75270, France.

Biochimie
|December 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Eukaryotic mRNAs can bypass standard translation initiation by internally recruiting ribosomal subunits. This review explores mechanisms of internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) and their role in translation initiation.

Keywords:
3′ CITEIRESRibosomeShine-DalgarnoTranslationVirus

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Translation initiation accuracy is crucial for protein synthesis.
  • Prokaryotic translation initiation relies on mRNA-16S rRNA base pairing.
  • Eukaryotic translation initiation involves complex machinery and 5' cap-dependent recruitment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review eukaryotic mRNAs that internally recruit the 40S ribosomal subunit.
  • To discuss the mechanisms of internal ribosome entry sites (IRES).
  • To evaluate alternative mRNA-18S rRNA base pairing models for recruitment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of eukaryotic mRNAs with internal recruitment.
  • Analysis of viral and cellular IRES structures and functions.
  • Evaluation of proposed mRNA-18S rRNA interactions.

Main Results:

  • Some viral and cellular mRNAs escape canonical cap-dependent initiation.
  • Viral IRES elements utilize specific RNA structures for ribosome recruitment and activation.
  • Recently identified IRES/ribosome interactions require further mechanistic description.

Conclusions:

  • Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) provide alternative translation initiation pathways in eukaryotes.
  • IRES elements can directly recruit the 40S ribosomal subunit and influence ribosome function.
  • mRNA-18S rRNA base pairing is a potential, though unevaluated, mechanism for internal recruitment.