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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

109
Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

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Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
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Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

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Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
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Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
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Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

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Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
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Detection of Toxin Translocation into the Host Cytosol by Surface Plasmon Resonance
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Shiga Toxin (Stx) Classification, Structure, and Function.

Angela R Melton-Celsa1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814.

Microbiology Spectrum
|December 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Shiga toxins (Stx) are potent bacterial toxins. Stx2a is more frequently linked to severe human disease like hemolytic-uremic syndrome than Stx1a, with differing toxicities and cellular interactions.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Toxicology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Shiga toxins (Stx) are highly potent bacterial toxins produced by Shigella dysenteriae 1 and certain Escherichia coli strains.
  • Two main types, Stx1 and Stx2, exist, with subtypes like Stx1a and Stx2a identified. Stx2a is often associated with more severe disease manifestations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the structure and function of Shiga toxins, focusing on the differences between Stx1a and Stx2a.
  • To explore the varying toxicities and cellular interactions of Stx1a and Stx2a, particularly in relation to human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Shiga toxin structure, including A and B subunits.
  • Review of cellular receptor binding (globotriaosylceramide, Gb3) and intracellular trafficking pathways.

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  • Comparison of the pathogenic effects and toxicities of Stx1a and Stx2a in human disease models and animal studies.

    • Main Results:

    • Shiga toxins comprise an A subunit (inhibits protein synthesis) and a B pentamer (binds to Gb3 receptors on endothelial cells).
    • Stx2a is more frequently associated with severe hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans, a toxicity pattern observed in animal models.
    • Stx1a and Stx2a exhibit distinct cytotoxicities, receptor binding affinities, and induce differential chemokine responses.

    Conclusions:

    • Stx2a poses a greater risk for severe disease compared to Stx1a due to inherent differences in toxicity and cellular interactions.
    • Understanding these molecular and functional distinctions is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies against Stx-producing bacterial infections.