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Cetacean morbillivirus: current knowledge and future directions.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Marine Mammal Health
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) is a significant pathogen causing high mortality in cetaceans worldwide.
  • Six distinct CeMV strains have been identified, impacting odontocetes in Europe, the USA, and Australia.
  • CeMV represents a unique species within the Morbillivirus genus, with some divergent strains noted.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular and epidemiological characteristics of CeMV.
  • To describe the diagnosis and pathogenesis of CeMV-associated diseases in cetaceans.
  • To explore the evolutionary aspects of the CeMV cell receptor (SLAM) in cetaceans.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CeMV.
  • Analysis of molecular and epidemiological data.
  • Characterization of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptor in cetaceans.

Main Results:

  • CeMV causes severe epidemics and mortality in odontocetes.
  • Divergent CeMV strains have been identified in specific dolphin populations.
  • The cetacean SLAM receptor shows evolutionary links to ruminant SLAM, with potential adaptations in Delphinidae for higher viral affinity.
  • Diagnosis involves histology, immunohistochemistry, virus isolation, RT-PCR, and serology.
  • Pathology includes bronchointerstitial pneumonia, encephalitis, syncytia, and lymphoid depletion.
  • Survivors may face secondary infections and chronic encephalitis.

Conclusions:

  • CeMV is a critical threat to cetacean populations, necessitating ongoing surveillance.
  • Understanding CeMV evolution and host-receptor interactions is key to disease management.
  • Gregarious odontocetes likely act as reservoirs and vectors, with aerosol and vertical transmission routes identified.