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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

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Published on: October 27, 2019
Pan-vertebrate comparative genomics unmasks retrovirus macroevolution
Alexander Hayward1, Charlie K Cornwallis2, Patric Jern1
1Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75123, Sweden; and Patric.Jern@imbim.uu.se Alexander.Hayward@zoologi.su.se.
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) reveal widespread, ancient retroviral activity across vertebrates. These ancient viral sequences show retroviruses are adaptable generalists with frequent host switching, influenced by factors like internal fertilization.
Area of Science:
- Evolutionary biology
- Virology
- Genomics
Background:
- Understanding macroevolutionary patterns of host-retrovirus interactions is challenging.
- Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) offer a historical record of host-viral associations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To infer broad patterns in retroviral diversity, evolution, and host-virus relationships using ERVs.
- To investigate the prevalence and host-switching capabilities of retroviruses across vertebrate diversity.
Main Methods:
- Large-scale phylogenomic analysis of ERVs from 65 vertebrate genomes.
- Characterization of ERV distribution and correlation with host factors.
Main Results:
- Discovered extensive ERV diversity, indicating greater retroviral prevalence in vertebrates than previously known.
- Showed retroviruses are extreme host generalists with high host-switching ability across distant vertebrate lineages.
- Identified internal fertilization as a factor influencing retroviral colonization of host genomes.
Conclusions:
- ERVs provide a framework for understanding host-virus coevolution.
- A significant number of retroviral lineages may remain undiscovered.
- No major vertebrate lineage appears to have escaped retroviral activity.
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