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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: A case-control study.

Ashraf Moini1, Reihaneh Hosseini2, Nadia Jahangiri3

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Arash Women's Health Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences : the Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
|December 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Ectopic pregnancy risk factors include maternal age, smoking, gravidity, prior abortions, and infertility. Modifiable factors like smoking and IUD use offer strategies for risk reduction.

Keywords:
Ectopic pregnancyintrauterine devicetubal damage

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Gynecology
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a significant health concern for women of reproductive age.
  • Identifying EP risk factors is crucial for effective prevention and management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify potential risk factors associated with ectopic pregnancy.
  • To evaluate the contribution of these risk factors to EP occurrence.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective nested case-control study was conducted between 2006 and 2011.
  • Data from 83 women with EP (cases) and 340 women with live births (controls) were analyzed.
  • Logistic regression was used to assess the association between various factors and EP.

Main Results:

  • Increased EP risk was linked to maternal age, spouse's smoking, gravidity, prior spontaneous abortions, and history of EP.
  • Tubal blockage, tubal damage, IUD use, infertility history, and longer first pregnancy intervals were also significant risk factors.
  • Maternal age (OR=1.11), spouse's cigarette smoking (OR=1.73), gravidity (OR=1.50), prior spontaneous abortions (OR=1.93), history of EP (OR=17.16), tubal blockage (OR=10.85), IUD use (OR=4.39), tubal damage (OR=2.704), first pregnancy interval (OR=1.01), and infertility (OR=6.13) were associated with EP.

Conclusions:

  • Identifying modifiable risk factors such as cigarette smoking, IUD use, and first pregnancy interval is key.
  • Effective risk-reduction strategies can be developed by targeting these amenable factors.