Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

1.7K
Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
1.7K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

1.4K
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
1.4K
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

1.4K
The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
1.4K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

2.6K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
2.6K
Nuclear Binding Energy02:13

Nuclear Binding Energy

15.4K
The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons...
15.4K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

2.3K
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
2.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Defect structure of yttria-stabilized hafnia nanoparticles.

IUCrJ·2026
Same author

Hybrid organic-inorganic polyoxovanadates with [M(en)<sub><i>n</i></sub>] (M = Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) displaying (V<sub>4</sub>O<sub>13</sub>), (V<sub>15</sub>O<sub>36</sub>) or (V<sub>18</sub>O<sub>42</sub>) morphologies.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026
Same author

Single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction study reveals bulk intermediate M2 phase during the VO<sub>2</sub> insulator-to-metal transition.

Chemical science·2025
Same author

X-ray electron density analysis of chemical bonding in permanent magnet Nd<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>14</sub>B.

IUCrJ·2025
Same author

Structural origins of ultralow glass-like thermal conductivity in AgGaGe<sub>3</sub>Se<sub>8</sub>.

Science advances·2025
Same author

Near-Zero Thermal Expansion in Coordination Polymer Cd(1,2,4-Triazole)<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor
10:24

Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor

Published on: May 7, 2021

3.0K

Nuclear-weighted X-ray maximum entropy method - NXMEM.

Sebastian Christensen1, Niels Bindzus1, Mogens Christensen1

  • 1Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.

Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and Advances
|December 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new method, nuclear-weighted X-ray maximum entropy method (NXMEM), reconstructs nuclear density distributions using X-ray diffraction. This technique accurately characterizes subtle structural features like disorder in materials.

Keywords:
Ba8Ga16Sn30PbTeX-ray diffractionclathratesdisordered structuresmaximum entropy methodnuclear density distributionthermoelectricity

More Related Videos

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis
14:53

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

Published on: February 3, 2018

7.7K
High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water
08:48

High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water

Published on: April 28, 2022

2.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor
10:24

Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor

Published on: May 7, 2021

3.0K
In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis
14:53

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

Published on: February 3, 2018

7.7K
High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water
08:48

High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water

Published on: April 28, 2022

2.3K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Subtle structural features like disorder and anharmonic motion are crucial for material properties.
  • Nuclear density distributions (NDDs) are key to characterizing these features.
  • Neutron diffraction is a common method for NDDs but has limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce a novel method, the nuclear-weighted X-ray maximum entropy method (NXMEM), for reconstructing pseudo NDDs.
  • Demonstrate NXMEM's capability to characterize disorder and local distortions in materials.
  • Compare NXMEM's performance against the traditional maximum entropy method.

Main Methods:

  • Developed NXMEM to calculate an electron-weighted nuclear density distribution (eNDD) from X-ray diffraction data.
  • Applied NXMEM to simulated powder diffraction data of PbTe to analyze local distortions.
  • Utilized both experimental and simulated single-crystal diffraction data of Ba(8)Ga(16)Sn(30) to study guest atom disorder.

Main Results:

  • NXMEM successfully reconstructed pseudo NDDs for PbTe and Ba(8)Ga(16)Sn(30).
  • The method revealed local distortions in PbTe and disorder in Ba guest atoms.
  • NXMEM demonstrated superior nuclear resolution compared to the standard maximum entropy method, especially for powder and low-resolution data.

Conclusions:

  • NXMEM offers a viable alternative to neutron diffraction for characterizing NDDs using X-ray diffraction.
  • The method enhances the analysis of disorder and local structural features in functional materials.
  • NXMEM's compatibility with existing software promotes its widespread adoption in materials research.