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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

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Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features...
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Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

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Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the...
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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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Adrenal tumours: how to establish malignancy.

Vanita Toogood1, Sam Milliken2, Adrienne Morey3

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.

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Summary

Adrenal masses present diagnostic challenges. This case highlights primary adrenal lymphoma, a rare malignancy, emphasizing the need for accurate diagnosis to guide prompt treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Adrenal masses are frequently discovered during abdominal imaging, posing diagnostic challenges regarding their etiology and clinical significance.
  • Key clinical questions include determining if the mass causes symptoms, and if it is benign or malignant, and functional or non-functional.

Observation:

  • A 48-year-old male presented with severe abdominal pain, and imaging revealed a large adrenal mass.
  • Diagnostic procedures were conducted to investigate the nature of the adrenal mass.

Findings:

  • The diagnosis of primary adrenal lymphoma, an exceptionally rare form of adrenal malignancy, was established.
  • The patient received chemotherapy including cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, etoposide, and prednisolone, along with rituximab.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the critical importance of accurately characterizing adrenal masses for timely and appropriate therapeutic interventions.
  • Early diagnosis of rare adrenal malignancies like primary adrenal lymphoma is crucial for effective patient management.