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The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...

The Citric Acid Cycle

The Citric Acid Cycle

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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The Terroir Concept Interpreted through Grape Berry Metabolomics and Transcriptomics

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VitisCyc: a metabolic pathway knowledgebase for grapevine (Vitis vinifera).

Sushma Naithani¹, Rajani Raja¹, Elijah N Waddell¹

¹Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA.

Frontiers in Plant Science

|December 25, 2014

Summary

VitisCyc is a new grapevine metabolic pathway database enabling researchers to explore grapevine metabolism and analyze omics data. This resource aids in discovering genes and pathways involved in plant development and stress responses.

Keywords:

Vitis vinifera VitisCyc grape grapevine pathway database microarray

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Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Bioinformatics
Metabolomics

Background:

Understanding grapevine metabolism is crucial for agricultural and research purposes.
Existing databases may lack comprehensive, grapevine-specific metabolic information.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop VitisCyc, a specialized database for grapevine metabolic pathways.
To provide tools for data analysis and comparison with other plant metabolic networks.

Main Methods:

Built on the BioCyc platform using Pathway Tools and MetaCyc.
Utilized genome sequence data from Vitis vinifera 'Pinot Noir'.
Enriched with plant-specific and grape-specific metabolic data.

Main Results:

VitisCyc contains 68 super pathways, 362 biosynthesis pathways, and 10,908 enzymes.
Includes 2,912 enzymatic reactions and 2,024 compounds.
Features OMICs-Viewer for high-throughput data analysis.

Conclusions:

VitisCyc serves as a valuable community resource for grapevine research.
Facilitates the discovery of genes and pathways related to development and stress.
Enables comparative analysis of plant metabolic networks.