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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Characterization of Immune Cells and Proinflammatory Mediators in the Pulmonary Environment
Published on: June 24, 2020
Cross-talk between the inflammatory response, sympathetic activation and pulmonary infection in the ischemic stroke
Pawel J Winklewski1, Marek Radkowski2, Urszula Demkow3
1Institute of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Tuwima Street 15, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland. pawelwinklewski@wp.pl.
Abstract:
The immune system response and inflammation play a key role in brain injury during and after a stroke. The acute immune response is responsible for secondary brain tissue damage immediately after the stroke, followed by immunosuppression due to sympathetic nervous system activation. The latter increases risk of infection complications, such as pneumonia. The pneumonia-related inflammatory state can release a bystander autoimmune response against central nervous system antigens, thereby initiating a vicious circle. The aim of this review is to summarize the relationship between ischemic stroke, sympathetic nervous system activation and pulmonary infection.
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