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Ramon Sotomayor-Zarate, Gonzalo Cruz, Georgina M Renard

  • 1Laboratorio de Neuroquimica y Neurofarmacologia, CNPC, Instituto de Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Valparaiso. Av. Gran Bretana N°1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Postal code: 2360102, Chile. ramon.sotomayor@uv.cl.

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Summary

Sex hormones impact brain function, influencing behaviors and neurochemistry, particularly dopamine pathways. Research explores their role in motivated behaviors and addiction, including effects of early-life exposures.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Neurobiology
  • Behavioral Neuroscience

Background:

  • Sex hormones act as neuroactive steroids, regulating neuroendocrine and extra-hypothalamic brain structures.
  • These hormones influence behaviors like memory, learning, mood, and reward.
  • Research has focused on sex hormone effects on monoamine neurotransmitters in motivated behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of sex hormone effects on neurochemical regulation in dopaminergic midbrain areas.
  • To examine the role of these effects in neurobiological and pathological processes, including drug addiction.
  • To discuss the long-term impacts of neonatal exposure to sex hormones or endocrine disruptors on dopaminergic neurons.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sex hormones and neurochemistry.
  • Analysis of research on dopaminergic systems in limbic and midbrain areas.
  • Examination of studies on neonatal exposure effects.

Main Results:

  • Sex hormones differentially affect various tissues, including the brain.
  • They regulate hypothalamic functions and influence cortical, limbic, and midbrain structures.
  • Long-term neurochemical changes can result from early-life hormonal or chemical exposures.

Conclusions:

  • Sex hormones are crucial regulators of neurochemical pathways, especially dopaminergic systems.
  • Understanding these effects is vital for neurobiological and pathological processes like addiction.
  • Neonatal exposures can lead to lasting alterations in brain function.