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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
8
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

2
Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...
2
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

6
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
6
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

6
DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
6
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

4.6K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
4.6K
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

1
Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory...
1

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Author Spotlight: Understanding Retinal Vessel Resilience and Disease Progression
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Current concepts in diabetic retinopathy.

Su Jeong Song1, Tien Yin Wong2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Diabetes & Metabolism Journal
|December 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Advances in diagnosing and treating diabetic retinopathy have improved patient outcomes. However, long-term effects and costs of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatments require further investigation.

Keywords:
Diabetic retinopathyEpidemiologyVascular endothelial growth factor

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of preventable blindness globally.
  • Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are significant microvascular complications.
  • Early detection and timely intervention are crucial for preserving vision in diabetic patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in diagnosing early diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema.
  • To discuss the current therapeutic landscape for diabetic retinopathy, focusing on anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents.
  • To highlight the uncertainties regarding the long-term effects and socioeconomic implications of these treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent diagnostic technologies including ultrawide field fundus fluorescein angiography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography.
  • Analysis of clinical data and studies on the efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGFs) in treating DR and DME.
  • Examination of existing research on the long-term outcomes and cost-effectiveness of anti-VEGF therapies.

Main Results:

  • Advanced imaging techniques enable earlier and more precise diagnosis of DR and DME.
  • Anti-VEGF therapies have demonstrated significant efficacy in managing DR and DME.
  • Limited data exists on the long-term safety profile and comprehensive socioeconomic impact of sustained anti-VEGF treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Modern diagnostic tools have enhanced the detection of early-stage diabetic eye disease.
  • Anti-VEGF agents represent a cornerstone in the current management of diabetic retinopathy.
  • Further research is essential to address the long-term consequences and economic burden associated with anti-VEGF therapy for diabetic retinopathy.