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Selectins01:25

Selectins

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Cell adhesion is  an essential aspect of multicellularity. While stable cell interactions usually occur between cells of the same type, transient cell interactions occur between cells of different tissue types, such as between neutrophils and endothelial cells. Selectins are one class of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that bind carbohydrate ligands to form transient cell adhesion. They are rod-like proteins with a long extracellular part of variable length ending with the lectin domain,...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

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Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions01:20

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Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are pivotal to multicellularity and the coordinated functioning of tissues and organ systems. They enable physical interactions between cells and provide mechanical strength to tissues. They also function as receptors for signal transmission across the plasma membrane. The CAMs are broadly classified into four families - integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs (IgCAMs).
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C-type lectins in immunity: recent developments.

Ivy M Dambuza1, Gordon D Brown1

  • 1Aberdeen Fungal Group, Division of Applied Medicine, Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.

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C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), like Dectin-1 and Dectin-2, are key immune proteins. This review highlights their expanded roles beyond fungi, including in host defense, allergies, and cancer immunity.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are a protein superfamily characterized by C-type lectin-like domains (CTLDs).
  • Single extracellular CTLD-containing receptors, specifically in the Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 clusters, are crucial for cellular signaling.
  • While traditionally linked to fungal recognition, CLRs exhibit broader functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse and emerging roles of Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 CLRs.
  • To explore their functions in host defense, homeostasis, and immune-related diseases.
  • To discuss their involvement in recognizing dead and cancerous cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent discoveries on CLRs.
  • Analysis of studies investigating CLR functions in various biological contexts.
  • Synthesis of information on CLR signaling pathways and ligand interactions.

Main Results:

  • CLRs play significant roles in anti-microbial host defense beyond fungal recognition.
  • These receptors are implicated in maintaining homeostasis and modulating autoimmune and allergic responses.
  • Emerging evidence shows CLRs are involved in the recognition and clearance of dead cells and in anti-cancer immunity.

Conclusions:

  • The Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 CLR clusters have diverse functions extending beyond their traditional roles.
  • These receptors are critical regulators of immunity, inflammation, and cellular surveillance.
  • Further research into CLRs promises new therapeutic strategies for infections, allergies, autoimmunity, and cancer.