Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

9.9K
A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn...
9.9K
Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides02:24

Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

10.0K
Epoxides that are three-membered ring systems are more reactive than other cyclic and acyclic ethers. The high reactivity of epoxides originates from the strain present in the ring. This ring strain acts as a driving force for epoxides to undergo ring-opening reactions either with halogen acids or weak nucleophiles in the presence of mild acid. The acid catalyst converts the epoxide oxygen, a poor leaving group, into an oxonium ion, a better leaving group, making the reaction feasible. The...
10.0K
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

129
Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
129
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

3.9K
Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields...
3.9K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

4.1K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
4.1K
Acid-Catalyzed α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones01:21

Acid-Catalyzed α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

5.3K
By replacing an α-hydrogen with a halogen, acid-catalyzed α-halogenation of aldehydes or ketones yields a monohalogenated product
In the first step of the mechanism, the acid protonates the carbonyl oxygen resulting in a resonance-stabilized cation, which subsequently loses an α-hydrogen to form an enol tautomer. The C=C bond in an enol is highly nucleophilic because of the electron-donating nature of the –OH group. Consequently, the double bond attacks an electrophilic...
5.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Fatty acid profile, vitamin D, and iodine status in Taiwanese vegans, vegetarians, and omnivores.

Tzu chi medical journal·2026
Same author

A Comprehensive Dosimetric Evaluation and Performance Validation of the Newly Introduced HyperSight™ Cone-beam Computed Tomography System in India - Is It Now Feasible to Eliminate the Intermediate Step in Adaptive Radiotherapy Planning?: A Phantom Study.

Journal of medical physics·2026
Same author

Stereochemical profiling of essential oils from Cinnamomum Camphora using GC/MS: effects of sampling method and chiral separation.

Journal of chromatography. A·2026
Same author

Demographics and Various Clinical Considerations in Ophthalmic Injuries Associated with Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures: A Retrospective Analysis of 412 Cases in an Indian Population.

Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery·2025
Same author

Treatment Planning for Single-Tooth Implant: A Clinical Guide and Literature Review.

Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery·2025
Same author

Sustainable Amide-Based Magnetic Dispersive Microextraction with an AQbD-Assisted Analytical Method to Detect Olanzapine from Milk-Based Food Matrices on Infusion Followed by a Green and White Assessment-Based Comparative Study.

ACS omega·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

12.9K

Hydrolysis of Letrozole catalyzed by macrocyclic Rhodium (I) Schiff-base complexes.

P Muralidhar Reddy1, K Shanker2, V Srinivas2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Nizam College, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.

Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
|January 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Ten new Rhodium (I) complexes efficiently catalyzed the hydrolysis of the pharmaceutical Letrozole. These macrocyclic complexes, featuring N4 and N2O2 donor sites, offer a promising catalytic pathway for drug impurity analysis.

Keywords:
HydrolysisLetrozoleRhodium (I) complexesSpectral studiesSpectrophotometry

More Related Videos

Efficient Construction of Drug-like Bispirocyclic Scaffolds Via Organocatalytic Cycloadditions of α-Imino γ-Lactones and Alkylidene Pyrazolones
10:17

Efficient Construction of Drug-like Bispirocyclic Scaffolds Via Organocatalytic Cycloadditions of α-Imino γ-Lactones and Alkylidene Pyrazolones

Published on: February 7, 2019

7.5K
Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
05:48

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Published on: November 21, 2017

8.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

12.9K
Efficient Construction of Drug-like Bispirocyclic Scaffolds Via Organocatalytic Cycloadditions of α-Imino γ-Lactones and Alkylidene Pyrazolones
10:17

Efficient Construction of Drug-like Bispirocyclic Scaffolds Via Organocatalytic Cycloadditions of α-Imino γ-Lactones and Alkylidene Pyrazolones

Published on: February 7, 2019

7.5K
Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
05:48

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Published on: November 21, 2017

8.7K

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Macrocyclic ligands are crucial in coordination chemistry for stabilizing metal ions.
  • Rhodium (I) complexes are known for their catalytic activity in various organic transformations.
  • Letrozole is an important pharmaceutical agent whose degradation products require monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel mononuclear Rhodium (I) complexes using macrocyclic ligands.
  • To investigate the catalytic efficacy of these Rh (I) complexes in the hydrolysis of Letrozole.
  • To characterize the synthesized complexes and the hydrolysis products.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of ten mononuclear Rhodium (I) complexes with N4 and N2O2 donor macrocyclic ligands.
  • Characterization of complexes using analytical and spectral techniques (e.g., UV-Vis, IR, NMR).
  • Spectrophotometric determination and spectral characterization of Letrozole hydrolysis products.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis and characterization of ten square planar Rh (I) complexes.
  • Demonstrated efficient catalytic activity of all synthesized complexes in Letrozole hydrolysis.
  • Quantification of drug impurities formed during the catalytic hydrolysis reaction.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized Rh (I) macrocyclic complexes are effective catalysts for Letrozole hydrolysis.
  • The study provides a method for generating and analyzing Letrozole degradation products.
  • These complexes hold potential for applications in pharmaceutical analysis and degradation studies.