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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
Published on: December 14, 2011
Intended and non-intended kinematic effects of atlanto-axial rotational high-velocity, low-amplitude techniques
Erik Cattrysse1, Silvia Gianola1, Steven Provyn1
1Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Experimental Anatomy, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
Introduction:
The study of neck kinematics during high-velocity, low-amplitude manipulations of the atlanto-axial segment is essential to understanding cervical motion mechanisms and their impact and possible risk for soft-tissue injuries during treatment of spine disorders.
Methods:
Twenty fresh-frozen specimens were tested during manual application of an axial rotation technique.
Findings:
The kinematics indicate the thrust induced motion components of approximately 1° at the treated segment around all three axes of the local embedded reference frame. Moreover, an equal amount of axial rotation motion took place at the adjacent atlanto-occipital joint.
Interpretation:
Overall atlanto-axial motion remained below the level of slow regional mobilization of the cervical spine. These findings can be correlated to literature data concerning the limited increase in vertebral artery strain during high-velocity, low-amplitude manipulation.
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