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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

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Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
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Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
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Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects

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Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Colorimetric Assay that Specifically Measures Granzyme B Proteolytic Activity: Hydrolysis of Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-S-Bzl
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Granzymes regulate proinflammatory cytokine responses.

Annette C Wensink1, C Erik Hack2, Niels Bovenschen3

  • 1Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|January 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Granzymes (Grs), serine proteases, are increasingly recognized for their immunomodulatory roles in inflammation beyond traditional cytotoxicity. Their extracellular functions and involvement in autoimmune diseases and infections are key areas of emerging research.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Protease Function

Background:

  • Granzymes (Grs) are serine proteases primarily synthesized by cytotoxic lymphocytes.
  • Traditionally, Grs are known for inducing apoptosis in target cells, such as tumor and virally infected cells.
  • Emerging evidence suggests Grs possess additional, predominantly extracellular, functions in inflammatory processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the role of Grzymes in inflammation.
  • To highlight the novel immunomodulatory functions of Grzymes.
  • To emphasize Grzymes' involvement in cytokine induction and processing.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on Grzymes.
  • Analysis of studies investigating Grzymes in inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.
  • Examination of Grzymes' expression patterns in various immune cells.

Main Results:

  • Extracellular soluble Grzymes are elevated in patients with autoimmune diseases and infections.
  • Granzymes are expressed by immune cells beyond cytotoxic lymphocytes.
  • Novel immunomodulatory functions of Grzymes have been identified.

Conclusions:

  • The role of Grzymes in inflammation is multifaceted, extending beyond apoptosis.
  • Granzymes significantly contribute to cytokine induction and processing in inflammatory settings.
  • Further research into Grzymes' extracellular functions is warranted for understanding immune responses.