The claudin-16 channel gene is transcriptionally inhibited by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

What is the central question of this study? In the kidney, the bulk of the filtered Mg(2+) is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by paracellular conductance, mediated by the tight junction protein, claudin-16, which is encoded by the gene CLDN16. The role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2 VitD] in renal Mg(2+) handling is unclear. We aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of 1,25(OH)2 VitD on claudin-16-mediated Mg(2+) transport. What is the main finding and its importance? Paracellular, claudin-16-mediated Mg(2+) transport is transcriptionally repressed by 1,25(OH)2 VitD, probably via a Ca(2+)-sensing receptor-dependent mechanism. This renal effect of 1,25(OH)2 VitD may serve as an adaptive mechanism to the 1,25(OH)2 VitD-induced enteric hyperabsorption of dietary Mg(2+). Magnesium is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by paracellular conductance, mediated by the CLDN16-encoded tight junction protein, claudin-16. However, the role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2 VitD] in renal Mg(2+) handling is unclear. We have shown that Mg(2+) depletion increases and 1,25(OH)2 VitD inhibits CLDN16 transcription. We have now explored further the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of 1,25(OH)2 VitD on claudin-16-mediated Mg(2+) transport. Adult mice received parenteral 1,25(OH)2 VitD or 1,25(OH)2 VitD combined with either high-Mg(2+) or low-Mg(2+) diets. Administration of 1,25(OH)2 VitD enhanced urinary excretion of Mg(2+) and Ca(2+). The 1,25(OH)2 VitD also increased renal Ca(2+)-sensing receptor (CaSR) mRNA and decreased renal claudin-16 and claudin-19 mRNA and claudin-16 protein, but did not affect renal claudin-2 mRNA. The 1,25(OH)2 VitD reversed the expected increase in claudin-16 mRNA in Mg(2+)-depleted animals. Comparably treated HEK 293 cells showed similar changes in claudin-16 mRNA, but 1,25(OH)2 VitD did not alter mRNA of the TRPM6 Mg(2+) channel. A luciferase reporter vector containing 2.5 kb of 5'-flanking DNA sequence from human CLDN16 (hCLDN16) was transfected into HEK 293 and OK cells. The hCLDN16 promoter activity was modestly decreased by 1,25(OH)2 VitD, but markedly inhibited in HEK 293 cells coexpressing CaSR. Coexpression in OK cells of dominant-negative CaSR completely abolished inhibition of hCLDN16 promoter activity by 1,25(OH)2 VitD. The 1,25(OH)2 VitD-induced decrease in hCLDN16 promoter activity was attenuated in Mg(2+)-depleted HEK 293 cells. In conclusion, 1,25(OH)2 VitD transcriptionally inhibits claudin-16 expression by a mechanism sensitive to CaSR and Mg(2+). This renal effect of 1,25(OH)2 VitD may serve as an adaptive response to the 1,25(OH)2 VitD-induced increase in intestinal Mg(2+) absorption.