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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
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Optimizing passive acoustic sampling of bats in forests.

Jérémy S P Froidevaux1, Florian Zellweger2, Kurt Bollmann3

  • 1WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland ; University of Montpellier II 2 Place Eugène Bataillon, Cedex 05, F-34095 Montpellier, France.

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Summary

Optimizing passive acoustic monitoring for bats requires sampling all forest microhabitats simultaneously throughout the night. Sampling forest gaps and ground is a viable alternative for bat species richness assessments.

Keywords:
Activitycost-effectivenessecholocationforest microhabitatsinventoryspecies richness

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Bioacoustics
  • Conservation Biology

Background:

  • Passive acoustic monitoring is a cost-effective tool for biodiversity research.
  • Accurate monitoring depends on taxa bioacoustics and habitat use, especially for bats in complex forest environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the performance of various acoustic sampling schemes for bat monitoring in forests.
  • To determine optimal sampling designs and temporal patterns for bat activity and species richness estimation.
  • To evaluate cost-benefit ratios of different sampling strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated 21 acoustic sampling schemes across three temporal patterns and seven designs in 32 forest plots.
  • Sampled three microhabitats: forest ground, canopy, and forest gap.
  • Used species accumulation curves and cost-benefit analysis to compare bat activity, species richness, and sampling effort.

Main Results:

  • Simultaneous sampling of all three microhabitats (ground, canopy, gap) throughout the night yielded the best results for bat monitoring.
  • Sampling only forest gaps and ground simultaneously was the second-best option, suitable when detector numbers are limited.
  • Optimal sampling schemes at multiple forest locations showed high labor cost-benefit ratios but increased equipment costs.

Conclusions:

  • Effective passive acoustic monitoring requires testing schemes based on target taxa and habitat complexity, considering cost-benefit ratios.
  • Standardized and replicated sampling schemes are crucial for precise biodiversity inventories, particularly for rare species.
  • Simultaneous sampling across microhabitats and full-night monitoring are key for accurate bat assessments in forests.