Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

4
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
4
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

4
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
4
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

6
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
6
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

4
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
4
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

5
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
5
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

9.2K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
9.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Targeted CysLTR1 Blockade Rescues Myeloid-Mediated Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Solid Malignancies: A Combined Genomic, Emulated Clinical Trial, and Epidemiological Negative-Control Analysis.

American journal of clinical oncology·2026
Same author

<i>CDKN2A</i> mRNA Over-expression Is Associated With CD8+ T Cell Exclusion and IDO1-Mediated Adaptive Immune Resistance in Gastric Adenocarcinoma.

Cancer diagnosis & prognosis·2026
Same author

A Sequential Proteomic Relay Defines a Decade-long Pre-diagnostic Window for Pancreatic Cancer.

Cancer diagnosis & prognosis·2026
Same author

Multi-Layered Dysregulation of NRCAM in Lower-Grade Gliomas: Insights From TCGA Copy Number and Epigenetic Analyses.

Brain tumor research and treatment·2026
Same author

RAP1A Variant rs7525578 Modifies Glycemic Response to Metformin But Not to Pioglitazone or Gliclazide in the UK Biobank.

Clinical neuropharmacology·2026
Same author

RE: Targeting CDK12 disrupts estrogen-receptor chromatin recruitment and ER-MED1 transcription in advanced ER+ breast cancer.

Journal of the National Cancer Institute·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

5.4K

Cold Climate Is a Risk Factor for Thyroid Cancer.

Steven Lehrer, Kenneth E Rosenzweig

    Clinical Thyroidology
    |January 6, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Thyroid cancer incidence is higher in colder U.S. states. Living in a cold climate, like Alaska, doubles thyroid cancer risk compared to warm states, independent of radiation or cell phone use.

    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Epidemiology
    • Oncology
    • Climatology

    Background:

    • Thyroid cancer incidence has risen, with ionizing radiation as a known risk factor.
    • Emerging research explores nonionizing radiation and climate factors in thyroid cancer development.
    • Previous studies suggest correlations between cancer rates, latitude, and temperature.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the association between average temperature in U.S. states and thyroid cancer incidence.
    • To determine if climate is an independent risk factor for thyroid cancer.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized age-adjusted thyroid cancer incidence data from U.S. Cancer Statistics (1999-2010).
    • Incorporated average state temperatures from NOAA, radiation exposure data, cell phone subscription data, and geographic information (altitude, latitude).

    More Related Videos

    Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
    04:39

    Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

    Published on: March 17, 2023

    2.7K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

    Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
    05:12

    Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

    Published on: May 12, 2023

    5.4K
    Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
    04:39

    Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

    Published on: March 17, 2023

    2.7K
  • Performed multiple linear regression analysis to assess correlations, controlling for potential confounders.

    • Main Results:

    • A significant negative correlation was found between average state temperature and overall thyroid cancer incidence (r² = -0.212, P = 0.001).
    • This association remained significant and independent of ionizing radiation exposure, cell phone use, altitude, and latitude.
    • Individuals in colder states exhibited a doubled risk of thyroid cancer compared to those in warmer states.

    Conclusions:

    • Colder climates are associated with a significantly increased risk of thyroid cancer.
    • Climate change may alter thyroid cancer incidence patterns, with potential impacts on cold-related mortality.
    • The elderly population may face the highest risk due to climate change-related health impacts.