Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 18, 2026
In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy
Published on: July 2, 2021
Reliability of goniometric and trigonometric techniques for measuring hip-extension range of motion using the
C Brent Wakefield1, Amanda Halls, Nicole Difilippo
1Exercise Science and Health Promotion and.
Context:
Goniometric assessment of hip-extension range of motion is a standard practice in clinical rehabilitation settings. A weakness of goniometric measures is that small errors in landmarking may result in substantial measurement error. A less commonly used protocol for measuring hip range of motion involves applying trigonometric principles to the length and vertical displacement of the upper part of the lower extremity to determine hip angle; however, the reliability of this measure has never been assessed using the modified Thomas test.
Objective:
To compare the intrarater and interrater reliability of goniometric (GON) and trigonometric (TRIG) techniques for assessing hip-extension range of motion during the modified Thomas test.
Design:
Controlled laboratory study.
Setting:
Institutional athletic therapy facility.
Patients Or Other Participants:
A total of 22 individuals (12 men, 10 women; age range, 18-36 years) with no pathologic knee or back conditions.
Main Outcome Measure(S):
Hip-extension range of motion of each participant during a modified Thomas test was assessed by 2 examiners with both GON and TRIG techniques in a randomly selected order on 2 separate days.
Results:
The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) revealed that the reliability of the GON technique was low for both the intrarater (ICC = 0.51, 0.54) and interrater (ICC = 0.30, 0.65) comparisons, but the reliability of the TRIG technique was high for both intrarater (ICC = 0.90, 0.95) and interrater (ICC = 0.91, 0.94) comparisons. Single-factorial repeated-measures analyses of variance revealed no mean differences in scoring within or between examiners for either measurement protocol, whereas a difference was observed when comparing the TRIG and GON tests due to the differences in procedures used to identify landmarks.
Conclusions:
Using the TRIG technique to measure hip-extension range of motion during the modified Thomas test results in superior intrarater and interrater reliability when compared with the GON technique.
