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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Author Spotlight: Quantifying Pain Experience – An Illustrative Approach Using the Pain Body Diagram
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Pain: a distributed brain information network?

Hiroaki Mano1, Ben Seymour2

  • 1Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute for Information and Communications Technology, Osaka, Japan; Immunology Frontiers Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

Plos Biology
|January 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pain perception arises from coordinated brain network activity, not a single pain cortex. Distinct neural networks process sensory pain input and cognitive modulation, advancing computational pain network theories.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pain research
  • Brain networks

Background:

  • The neural basis of pain perception remains incompletely understood, lacking a defined
  • pain cortex.
  • Emerging theories propose that pain perception results from the integrated activity of distributed brain networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether distinct brain networks underpin the subjective experience of pain.
  • To differentiate neural processing of nociceptive input from cognitive modulation of pain.

Main Methods:

  • Functional neuroimaging techniques were employed to observe brain activity during pain stimulation.
  • Participants underwent tasks involving both direct nociceptive input and self-directed cognitive modulation of pain perception.

Main Results:

  • Woo and colleagues identified distinct neural subsystems sensitive to different aspects of pain.
  • Evidence suggests separate brain networks are involved in processing incoming pain signals and top-down cognitive control over pain.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the network theory of pain, where subjective pain emerges from coordinated activity across multiple brain regions.
  • This research opens avenues for developing computational network models to better understand and potentially treat pain.