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Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
Published on: March 1, 2015
Ophthalmic grading of facial paralysis: need for a closer look
Kimia Ziahosseini1, Charles Nduka2, Raman Malhotra1
1Corneoplastic Unit, Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, UK.
Abstract:
Very many variations of facial grading systems have been developed, but none address the ophthalmic complications of facial nerve weakness adequately. The important priorities for ophthalmic surgeon are protecting the ocular surface, maintaining sight and peripheral vision, as well as improving the cosmesis of periocular area. The absence of a universally agreed grading system on the ophthalmic plastic complications of facial nerve paralysis is an obstacle to standardised treatment. It is time for clinicians to recognise this need.
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