Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

1.2K
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
1.2K
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

1.4K
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
1.4K
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

50.8K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
50.8K
Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle

2.9K
Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
2.9K
Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

2.6K
The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
2.6K
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

16.3K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
16.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A tumor profiling resource for ovarian cancer: insights into chemotherapy-driven heterogeneity and personalized treatment strategy.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Data-driven RNA phenotyping captures genetically regulated dimensions of the transcriptome.

American journal of human genetics·2026
Same author

Genetic and transcriptomic signatures of host control in HIV-1 infection.

Retrovirology·2026
Same author

Phylogenetic tree inference from single-cell RNA sequencing data with SCITE-RNA.

Genome biology·2026
Same author

Wastewater-based sequencing of respiratory syncytial virus to investigate lineage dynamics and antigenic site mutations: a retrospective genomic epidemiology study.

The Lancet. Microbe·2026
Same author

Learning and forecasting selection dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants from wastewater sequencing data using Covvfit.

Water research·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing
07:18

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

Published on: January 22, 2019

6.3K

Dynamic models of viral replication and latency.

Pejman Mohammadi1, Angela Ciuffi, Niko Beerenwinkel

  • 1aInstitute of Microbiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne bDepartment of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich cSwiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland.

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
|January 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Understanding HIV dynamics is crucial for persistence. Temporal analyses reveal that timing and cellular activation influence viral replication and latency, offering insights into eradicating the viral reservoir.

More Related Videos

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation
12:22

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

Published on: April 2, 2012

18.2K
Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining
13:22

Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining

Published on: January 23, 2014

18.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 18, 2026

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing
07:18

High Throughput In Vitro Assessment of Latency Reversing Agents on HIV Transcription and Splicing

Published on: January 22, 2019

6.3K
A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation
12:22

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

Published on: April 2, 2012

18.2K
Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining
13:22

Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining

Published on: January 23, 2014

18.8K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects CD4(+) T cells, altering cellular states for replication.
  • Understanding virus-host interactions is key to addressing HIV pathogenesis and persistence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental and computational methods for studying HIV replication and latency dynamics.
  • To identify critical factors influencing viral reactivation and persistence.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of transcriptome and proteome data to understand HIV infection dynamics.
  • Utilizing mathematical models to explore latent HIV reservoir decay.
  • Review of experimental approaches for studying viral replication and latency.

Main Results:

  • Only a fraction of latently infected HIV reservoirs are induced upon initial stimulation.
  • Repeated stimulation can reactivate more latently infected cells, highlighting treatment timing.
  • Cellular activation state is a major determinant of successful HIV reactivation.

Conclusions:

  • Temporal dynamics are essential for understanding HIV-host interactions and latency.
  • Timing and cellular state are critical for HIV replication and reservoir eradication.
  • Investigating dynamic changes is key to developing strategies for HIV cure.