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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
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Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
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Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
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The Proteasome Structure01:17

The Proteasome Structure

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The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is a well-known mechanism utilized by eukaryotic cells to remove cytoplasmic proteins that are misfolded, damaged, or no longer needed. In this pathway, the protein that needs to be eliminated undergoes a process called ubiquitination, where a chain of ubiquitin molecules is attached to the 48th lysine residue of the target protein. This ubiquitin modification helps the proteasome distinguish between a target protein and a healthy protein.
The proteasome is an...
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Coat Assembly and GTPases01:33

Coat Assembly and GTPases

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Vesicles incorporate different coat protein subunits in different cell locations, which changes the properties of the coat, such as the shape and geometry of the transport vesicles. Thus, vesicle coat proteins also play a significant role in cargo selection.
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The γ-secretase complex: from structure to function.

Xian Zhang1, Yanfang Li1, Huaxi Xu2

  • 1Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, FJ, China.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|January 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease involves amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque buildup. Targeting the γ-secretase enzyme, which produces Aβ, offers a promising therapeutic strategy for AD treatment.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseaseanterior pharynx defective 1nicastrinpresenilinpresenilin enhancer 2γ-secretase

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque accumulation in the brain.
  • Aβ peptides are generated from the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) via sequential cleavage by β- and γ-secretases.
  • γ-secretase is a multi-component enzyme complex essential for Aβ production and also cleaves other transmembrane proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of γ-secretase structure and function.
  • To summarize recent advancements in developing γ-secretase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on γ-secretase structure, function, and therapeutic targeting.
  • Analysis of research on γ-secretase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease treatment.

Main Results:

  • γ-secretase is a complex enzyme critical for Aβ generation.
  • Inhibition of γ-secretase is a key therapeutic strategy for reducing Aβ production in AD.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding γ-secretase's structure and function is vital for developing effective AD treatments.
  • γ-secretase inhibitors represent a significant area of research for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics.