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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Hypodermis01:02

Hypodermis

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The hypodermis (the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) is present directly below the dermis. It connects the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles. It is not strictly a part of the skin, although the border between the hypodermis and dermis can be difficult to distinguish. The hypodermis consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Transient Hypothyroidism During Lactation Arrests Myelination in the Anterior Commissure of Rats. A Magnetic Resonance Image and Electron Microscope Study.

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TSH effects on thermogenesis in rat brown adipocytes.

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Thyroid hormones and deiodinase activity in plasma and tissues in relation to high levels of organohalogen contaminants in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus).

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Changing white into brite adipocytes. Focus on "BMP4 and BMP7 induce the white-to-brown transition of primary human adipose stem cells".

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Identification and Dissection of Diverse Mouse Adipose Depots
06:31

Identification and Dissection of Diverse Mouse Adipose Depots

Published on: July 11, 2019

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Adipose tissues and thyroid hormones.

Maria-Jesus Obregon1

  • 1Department of Molecular Physiopathology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain.

Frontiers in Physiology
|January 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adipose tissue regulates energy balance through distinct white and brown fat cells. Thyroid hormones influence fat cell differentiation and function, impacting energy storage and heat production.

Keywords:
BATadipogenesisbrite adipocytesdeiodinaseslipogenesislipolysisthermogenesis“browning”

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Localization, Identification, and Excision of Murine Adipose Depots
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Differentiation and Imaging of Brown Adipocytes from the Stromal Vascular Fraction of Interscapular Adipose Tissue from Newborn Mice
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Localization, Identification, and Excision of Murine Adipose Depots
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Differentiation and Imaging of Brown Adipocytes from the Stromal Vascular Fraction of Interscapular Adipose Tissue from Newborn Mice
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Differentiation and Imaging of Brown Adipocytes from the Stromal Vascular Fraction of Interscapular Adipose Tissue from Newborn Mice

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolism
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Adipose tissue maintains energy homeostasis, storing fat and acting as an endocrine organ.
  • White adipose tissue (WAT) stores energy, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates it as heat.
  • Brite/beige adipose tissue exhibits properties of BAT within WAT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the differences between BAT, WAT, and brite/beige adipocytes.
  • To investigate the role of thyroid hormones in adipose tissue differentiation and function.
  • To explore the activation of UCP1 in WAT and the presence of BAT in humans.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of adipocyte differentiation and gene regulation.
  • Investigation of thyroid hormone (T3) effects on lipogenesis, lipolysis, and thermogenesis.
  • Examination of deiodinase activity (D1, D2, D3) in adipose tissue.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormones directly regulate genes involved in fat metabolism and thermogenesis via TREs.
  • D2 is crucial for providing T3 during adipocyte differentiation for lipogenesis and thermogenesis.
  • Differences in WAT, BAT, and brite/beige adipocytes involve specific markers and regulatory pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormones are key regulators of adipose tissue function, influencing energy balance.
  • Understanding adipocyte subtypes and thyroid hormone action is vital for metabolic research.
  • The presence and activation of BAT in humans have significant implications for energy expenditure.