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Updated: Apr 18, 2026
Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Published on: October 20, 2017
A comparison of different transarterial embolization techniques for direct carotid cavernous fistulas: a single
Xiaojian Lu1, Mohammed Hussain2, Lanchun Ni1
1Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No. 20, Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China.
Objective:
Transarterial treatment of direct carotid cavernous fistulas (DCCF) via embolic materials has been well documented. This study reports, validates, and compares with existing literature our experience treating DCCFs via endovascular approaches by using detachable balloons, coils, and covered stents.
Methods:
Between June 2006 to October 2011, 32 patients (21 male, 11 female) with 32 DCCFs (30 traumatic, 2 spontaneous cavernous ICA aneurysms) were embolized endovascularly. Followup was performed for at least 6 months.
Results:
Among the 32 DCCFs, 21 (65.6%) were embolized using detachable balloons, eight (25.0%) with coils, one (3.1%) with balloons and coils, and two (6.3%) with covered stents. Complete DCCF obliteration was achieved in 31 (96.9%) cases. One fistula failed to respond due to premature balloon detachment. Intracranial bruit in 31 (100%) chemosis and exophthalmos in 28 (100%) cases resolved after embolization. Visual acuity and oculomotor palsy improved in 18 (90%) and 18 (69.2%) cases, respectively. There was no evidence of DCCF recurrence. Thirteen DCCFs were followed up by MRI and five by DSA. In these cases, four (4/13, 30.8%) balloon-embolized DCCFs showed pseudoaneurysms. Three patients were asymptomatic; one had minor left oculomotor palsy.
Conclusions:
Our results correlate and reinforce literature regarding endovascular treatment of DCCFs. Application of Transarterial embolization with detachable balloons, despite extensive use has been decreasing. Coil embolization is an effective and safe alternative for treatment, especially when balloon embolization fails. Covered stent placement may be used as another alternative for selected cases.
