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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

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Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

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5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
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Pathophysiology of Vomiting01:22

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Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through...
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CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
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A non-classical cannabinoid syndrome.

X Muschart, J Flament

    Acta Clinica Belgica
    |January 9, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Hyperemesis cannabinoid syndrome (HCS) involves cyclic vomiting and compulsive bathing in chronic cannabis users. This underdiagnosed condition requires medical awareness, with potential non-classical symptoms like bradycardia and cold pain relief.

    Keywords:
    Abdominal pain,Cannabis,Hyperemesis cannabinoid syndrome,Non-classical symptomTriad,

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Science
    • Toxicology
    • Gastroenterology

    Background:

    • Cannabis use is increasing globally, yet specific associated health conditions remain underrecognized.
    • Hyperemesis cannabinoid syndrome (HCS) is a poorly understood condition linked to chronic cannabis consumption.

    Observation:

    • This case report highlights the characteristic cyclic vomiting and compulsive bathing behaviors seen in HCS.
    • Physicians may encounter non-classical presentations of HCS, including bradycardia.
    • Patients may report relief from pain and nausea through exposure to cold temperatures.

    Findings:

    • HCS is frequently underdiagnosed due to limited medical awareness and atypical symptom presentations.
    • The syndrome's diagnostic criteria need broader dissemination among healthcare professionals.
    • Recognition of varied HCS manifestations is crucial for timely diagnosis and management.

    Implications:

    • Increased awareness of HCS among clinicians is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate the pathophysiology and diverse clinical spectrum of HCS.
    • This case underscores the importance of considering HCS in patients with unexplained cyclic vomiting, especially chronic cannabis users.