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Missing domesticated plant forms: can artificial selection fill the gap?

David L Van Tassel1, Lee R DeHaan1, Thomas S Cox1

  • 1The Land Institute Salina, KS, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Angiosperm evolution in crop fields favored annual herbs due to trade-offs in seed production. Perennial herbs and grains were less likely to evolve under these conditions but can be developed today.

Keywords:
domesticationlife formlifespannew cropsperennial grainsreproductive effort

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Plant science
  • Agricultural history

Background:

  • Angiosperms exhibit diverse life histories and plant forms.
  • Crop fields represent a novel habitat favoring specific plant adaptations.
  • Previous evolution favored plants with high allocation to sexual structures, including annual herbs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary pressures shaping plant life histories in agricultural environments.
  • To explain the absence of perennial herbs with high sexual effort and perennial grain crops.
  • To explore the potential for developing perennial grain crops through modern selection methods.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of plant life history traits in relation to agricultural practices.
  • Hypothesizing evolutionary trade-offs between sexual reproduction, growth rate, and persistence.
  • Evaluating domestication processes based on propagation methods (seed vs. cuttings).

Main Results:

  • Annually tilled fields favored shorter-lived annual herbs due to trade-offs between first-year seed production and growth/persistence.
  • Perennial herbs with high sexual effort did not evolve under these conditions.
  • Domestication of tuber crops and woody plants was rapid via cuttings; perennial herbs were less amenable.
  • Perennial grain crops did not evolve naturally due to historical conditions.
  • Perennial herbs were too small for efficient cutting propagation.
  • Longevity, outcrossing (allogamy), and genetic load hindered rapid domestication of perennial herbs via sexual reproduction.

Conclusions:

  • The specific conditions of early agriculture, particularly annual tillage, selected against perennial herbs with high sexual reproduction.
  • Perennial grain crops are absent due to historical evolutionary constraints but are feasible through artificial selection.
  • Modern artificial selection offers a pathway for developing perennial grain crops.