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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Histone Modification02:32

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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New insights into mechanisms that regulate DNA methylation patterning.

Gabriella Ficz1

  • 1Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, London EC1M 6BQ, UK g.ficz@qmul.ac.uk.

The Journal of Experimental Biology
|January 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Cellular epigenetic memory, involving DNA methylation, is crucial for development but can be reversed. New research explores how signaling pathways influence DNA methylation, impacting epigenetic memory and cell totipotency.

Keywords:
5-HydroxymethylcytosineCancer stem cellsDNA demethylationEpigenetic memoryReprogrammingSignalling pathways

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cellular development involves accumulating and transmitting epigenetic information, primarily through DNA methylation, which records developmental history.
  • DNA methylation patterns, while stable, are dynamic and can be erased to restore totipotency, a critical process for development.
  • The discovery of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine has spurred research into DNA demethylation mechanisms and other epigenetic roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the mechanisms regulating the deposition of epigenetic modifications.
  • To explore the relationship between signaling pathways and the DNA methylation machinery.
  • To examine the implications of DNA methylation patterning in normal development and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research findings on DNA methylation dynamics.
  • Analysis of studies investigating signaling pathways in embryonic stem cell models.
  • Discussion of emerging concepts in epigenetics and their functional roles.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests signaling molecules can modulate epigenetic modifiers, influencing the epigenome.
  • A strong link exists between major signaling pathways and the DNA methylation machinery in embryonic stem cells.
  • 5-hydroxymethylcytosine plays a role in DNA demethylation and other epigenetic functions.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the interplay between external signals and epigenetic memory is crucial for comprehending development and disease.
  • Further research into DNA methylation patterning and its regulation offers exciting avenues for future discoveries.
  • Epigenetic modifications are dynamic and responsive to cellular signaling, impacting cell fate and organismal development.