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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Construction of Homozygous Mutants of Migratory Locust Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology
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Epigenetics and locust life phase transitions.

Ulrich R Ernst1, Matthias B Van Hiel1, Geert Depuydt1

  • 1Functional Genomics and Proteomics Lab, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, bus 2465, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.

The Journal of Experimental Biology
|January 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Locust phase polyphenism, the development of different forms from one genotype, is influenced by epigenetics. This review explores how DNA methylation, histone modification, and small RNAs regulate locust phase transitions.

Keywords:
Apis melliferaDNA methylationHistone modificationInvertebrateLocust phaseLocust swarmingLocusta migratoriaMethylomePolyphenismSchistocerca gregaria

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Area of Science:

  • Entomology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Insects exhibit remarkable species diversity, partly due to polyphenism, where a single genotype produces multiple phenotypes.
  • Locust phase polyphenism, characterized by distinct solitarious and gregarious phases, has historically puzzled researchers.
  • The transition between phases involves rapid behavioral changes and slower physiological and reproductive alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the key factors driving phase transitions in locusts.
  • To explore the role of epigenetic regulation in locust phase polyphenism.
  • To discuss potential epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and small RNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on locust phase polyphenism.
  • Analysis of evidence for epigenetic involvement in phase transitions.
  • Discussion of molecular mechanisms underlying polyphenism.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small RNAs, are increasingly implicated in locust phase polyphenism.
  • These epigenetic factors may explain imprinting effects on longevity and fecundity observed during phase transitions.
  • Evidence from economically important locust species like Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria supports this role.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic regulation is a crucial factor in understanding locust phase polyphenism.
  • Further research into specific epigenetic pathways is needed to fully elucidate phase transition mechanisms.
  • Understanding these mechanisms has implications for managing locust outbreaks.