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The Tongue and Taste Buds00:49

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The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
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The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

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Tongue-Supported Human-Computer Interaction systems: a review.

Masood Mehmood Khan, Hammad I Sherazi, Rohan Quain

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |January 9, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Tongue Supported Human Computer Interaction (TSHCI) uses tongue dexterity for communication. This study explores TSHCI methods and introduces two new infrared systems, categorizing them by invasiveness.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Assistive Technology

    Background:

    • The tongue offers a unique sensory input channel for human-computer interaction.
    • Existing Tongue Supported Human Computer Interaction (TSHCI) systems leverage tongue dexterity for communication.
    • Impaired patients can benefit from TSHCI for enhanced interaction with the world.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine diverse approaches for utilizing tongue dexterity in TSHCI systems.
    • To introduce two novel minimally-invasive TSHCI systems utilizing infrared signals.
    • To categorize TSHCI systems based on sensing methodologies and invasiveness.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of various tongue movement and position sensing techniques for TSHCI.
    • Development and presentation of two infrared signal-supported, minimally-invasive TSHCI systems.
    • Categorization of TSHCI systems into invasive and minimally-invasive based on sensing methods.

    Main Results:

    • Exploration of different methods for sensing tongue movement and position.
    • Introduction of two functional infrared-based minimally-invasive TSHCI systems.
    • Classification framework for TSHCI systems based on invasiveness.

    Conclusions:

    • Tongue dexterity is a viable input method for advanced human-computer interaction.
    • Minimally-invasive TSHCI systems offer promising avenues for assistive communication.
    • Proposed usability criteria will guide the development of more effective future TSHCI systems.