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Parental Care00:55

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Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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Brilliant breastfeeding!

Sioned Hilton

    The Practising Midwife
    |January 10, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    This article summarizes key discussions from the 9th Lactation and Breastfeeding Symposium, covering normal breastfeeding patterns, human milk lipids, and mammary gland research. The symposium also utilized Twitter for live discussions on these critical infant feeding topics.

    Area of Science:

    • Lactation and Breastfeeding Science
    • Human Milk Composition
    • Mammary Gland Biology

    Background:

    • The 9th Lactation and Breastfeeding Symposium convened in Madrid, Spain, in April 2014.
    • Discussions aimed to inform healthcare professionals, particularly midwives, on current research and practices.
    • Innovative outreach included live Twitter chats to broaden information dissemination.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report on critical discussions from the symposium relevant to practicing midwives.
    • To explore the definition of 'normal' breastfeeding patterns.
    • To review research on human milk lipids and their impact on health outcomes.

    Main Methods:

    • The article synthesizes information presented across three key symposium discussions.

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  • It incorporates insights from live Twitter discussions held during the event.
  • Focus is placed on research findings and clinical relevance.
  • Main Results:

    • Exploration of the multifaceted definition of 'normal' breastfeeding behavior.
    • Presentation of research linking human milk lipids to infant and maternal health.
    • Overview of advancements in understanding the physiology of the lactating mammary gland.

    Conclusions:

    • Symposium discussions highlighted the complexity of defining 'normal' breastfeeding.
    • Research on human milk lipids offers valuable insights for health outcomes.
    • Continued investigation into mammary gland function is crucial for lactation support.