New in vivo model to assess venous endothelial cell functions. Effect of defibrotide

In the past few years there has been increasing interest in the role of the vascular endothelium as an active modulator of biological responses. Endothelial cells exert antithrombotic activity by the release of prostacyclin [23] and adenine nucleotides [16], the availability on the cell surface of heparin-like substances [3], and thrombomodulin-mediated activation of protein C [8]. In addition, endothelium is involved in the regulation of fibrinolysis by releasing soluble factors, such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA; [10]) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI; [22, 11]), as well as in the control of vascular responsiveness by the production of smooth muscle relaxing and contracting factors. Endothelial cells have also been shown to synthesize and to express procoagulant activities [18]. Many data on endothelial cell functions has been obtained from two experimental models, namely endothelial cell cultures and perfused segments of animal and human vessels. Both are subject to methodological criticism since they only represent in part in vivo conditions, and the necessary experimental manipulations and laboratory procedures greatly modify the naturally occurring cellular functions. In order to overcome such difficulties as far as possible, a new in vivo model has been employed to provide easily assessable and reliable data on the properties of endothelial cells in man. A venous segment was isolated functionally by cannulating a dorsal vein in the hand and a cubital vein in the same arm. Changes observed ex vivo in blood from the cubital vein following infusion into the hand vein of an active drug, can mainly be attributed to its local effect on the venous wall. At the same time, a cubital vein in the other arm was cannulated in order to provide information to distinguish systemic from regional effects.