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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay for Studying Functional Interactions Between Receptors and Enzymes
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Co-immunoprecipitation Assay for Studying Functional Interactions Between Receptors and Enzymes

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Synergy in activating class I PI3Ks.

John E Burke1, Roger L Williams2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Drive, Victoria BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|January 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are crucial lipid kinases regulating cell functions and implicated in diseases like cancer. This review details PI3K isoform-specific activation and their roles in cancer and immune disorders.

Keywords:
cancerlipid kinaseslipid signalingphosphoinositide 3 kinasesphosphoinositidesprimary immunodeficiencies

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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

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Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are essential lipid kinases involved in critical cellular processes such as growth, proliferation, and migration.
  • PI3Ks play significant roles in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, immune disorders, and inflammation.
  • These enzymes are activated by diverse upstream signals, including receptor tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and Ras superfamily proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying PI3K isoform-specific activation pathways.
  • To highlight recent advancements in understanding how PI3K isoforms integrate diverse cellular inputs.
  • To explore novel roles of PI3Ks in human diseases, with a focus on cancer and immune disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and research findings.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms governing PI3K activation.
  • Investigation of PI3K involvement in disease pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Recent progress in characterizing PI3K isoform-specific activation pathways has been highlighted.
  • Novel roles for PI3Ks in human diseases, particularly cancer and immune diseases, have been identified.
  • Understanding PI3K isoform synergy in signal transduction is a key challenge being addressed.

Conclusions:

  • PI3K isoform-specific activation mechanisms are critical for cellular signaling.
  • PI3Ks are increasingly recognized for their pivotal roles in cancer and immune diseases.
  • Further research into PI3K pathways offers therapeutic potential for various human diseases.