Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

54.7K
Overview
54.7K
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

14.7K
The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
14.7K
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

4.6K
The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
4.6K
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

62
Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
62
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

1.2K
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
1.2K
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

18.1K
Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
18.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

"That's not my silo": Navigating fragmented long COVID care in the mid-Atlantic United States.

SSM. Qualitative research in health·2026
Same author

Sex differences in vaccine-induced neuraminidase cross-recognition and protection against H5N1 in mice.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Gonadal regulation of sex-specific immunity in tuberculosis: enhanced lymphocyte function in females and dysfunctional myeloid responses in males.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Flowing differently: exploratory characterization of menstrual effluent compared with peripheral blood.

F&S science·2026
Same author

Gonadal steroids as predictors of sex differences in tuberculosis outcomes.

JCI insight·2026
Same author

RNA-DNA Fusomer Fibers With Customizable Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties for Next-Generation Therapeutics.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
06:15

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: September 7, 2018

10.0K

Sex-based differences in immune function and responses to vaccination.

Sabra L Klein1, Ian Marriott2, Eleanor N Fish3

  • 1W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA sklein2@jhu.edu.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
|January 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Females generally show stronger antibody responses and more side effects from vaccines than males. Understanding these sex differences is key to improving vaccine efficacy and safety for everyone.

Keywords:
EstrogenGenderMicrobiomeSex differenceVaccineX chromosome

More Related Videos

Isolation of Lymphocytes from Mouse Genital Tract Mucosa
04:46

Isolation of Lymphocytes from Mouse Genital Tract Mucosa

Published on: September 3, 2012

15.1K
Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
05:44

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice

Published on: October 13, 2023

2.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
06:15

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: September 7, 2018

10.0K
Isolation of Lymphocytes from Mouse Genital Tract Mucosa
04:46

Isolation of Lymphocytes from Mouse Genital Tract Mucosa

Published on: September 3, 2012

15.1K
Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
05:44

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice

Published on: October 13, 2023

2.8K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Sex Differences in Health

Background:

  • Females typically exhibit enhanced antibody production and increased adverse reactions post-vaccination compared to males.
  • These sex-based disparities are consistently observed across a range of vaccines, including those for tuberculosis, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, and influenza.
  • Such differences are evident across all age demographics, from infancy through old age.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the underlying biological and behavioral factors contributing to sex-based variations in vaccine responses.
  • To investigate how immunological, hormonal, genetic, and microbiota differences influence vaccine outcomes between sexes.
  • To identify strategies for mitigating adverse reactions in females and augmenting immune responses in males.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sex differences in vaccine immunogenicity and reactogenicity.
  • Analysis of immunological, hormonal, genetic, and microbiome data related to vaccine responses.
  • Comparative studies examining vaccine outcomes in male and female populations across different age groups.

Main Results:

  • Females generally mount stronger antibody responses to vaccines.
  • Females report a higher incidence of adverse reactions following vaccination.
  • Observed differences persist across various vaccine types and age groups.

Conclusions:

  • Sex-based biological and behavioral factors significantly impact vaccine efficacy and safety.
  • Hormonal, genetic, and microbiota variations contribute to differential vaccine responses.
  • Tailoring vaccination strategies to account for sex differences is crucial for optimizing protection against infectious diseases in both males and females.