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Oxidation of Alcohols

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

Corrosion

Corrosion

The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are examples of corrosion. Corrosion involves the oxidation of metals. Sometimes it is protective, such as the oxidation of copper or aluminum, wherein a protective layer of metal oxide or its derivatives forms on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from further oxidation. In other cases, corrosion is...

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Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys

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Modeling selective intergranular oxidation of binary alloys.

Zhijie Xu¹, Dongsheng Li¹, Daniel K Schreiber²

¹Computational Mathematics Group, Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics

|January 10, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new model explains intergranular attack in alloys. It shows how chromium (Cr) depletes further than aluminum (Al) in nickel-based alloys due to differing diffusion rates, impacting oxidation resistance.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Corrosion Science
Physical Chemistry

Background:

Intergranular attack in alloys under hydrothermal conditions is driven by complex metal and oxygen transport kinetics.
Observed intergranular attack rates and minor element depletion vary significantly between different nickel-based binary alloys.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a mathematical kinetics model for intergranular attack in binary alloys.
To adapt Wagner's model for thick film growth to predict oxidation behavior.
To explain observed differences in minor element depletion distances.

Main Methods:

Developed a mathematical kinetics model adapting Wagner's model.
Estimated transport coefficients for O, Ni, Cr, and Al from literature data.
Validated model predictions against experimental data for oxidation penetration and depletion distances.

Main Results:

The model accurately predicts oxidation penetration velocities and minor element depletion distances.
Demonstrated significant Cr depletion (up to 9 μm) in Ni-5Cr, contrasting with localized Al depletion (∼100s of nm) in Ni-5Al.
Explained Cr depletion distance by its faster grain boundary and slower bulk diffusion relative to Al.

Conclusions:

The developed model provides a quantitative understanding of intergranular attack in binary alloys.
Differential diffusion kinetics of minor elements significantly influence depletion zones and oxidation behavior.
The model offers insights into alloy design for enhanced resistance to hydrothermal intergranular attack.