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Related Concept Videos

Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
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Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage
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The infant microbiome development: mom matters.

Noel T Mueller1, Elizabeth Bakacs2, Joan Combellick3

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.

Trends in Molecular Medicine
|January 13, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The infant microbiome is crucial for health, but practices like C-sections and antibiotics disrupt its development. Research is needed to find strategies to protect the infant gut microbiome for future health.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Health
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The infant microbiome is critical for immune and metabolic development.
  • Maternal-offspring microbial exchange shapes the infant gut.
  • Certain birth and feeding practices can negatively impact microbiome assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on factors affecting infant microbiome assembly.
  • To discuss strategies for preventing and restoring the infant microbiome.
  • To identify research gaps for improving infant health outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on infant microbiome.
  • Analysis of impacts from Cesarean section, antibiotics, and formula feeding.
  • Synthesis of data on preventive and restorative interventions.

Main Results:

  • Cesarean section, perinatal antibiotics, and formula feeding are associated with altered infant microbiome composition.
  • These alterations are linked to increased risks of immune and metabolic diseases.
  • Various strategies show promise in mitigating negative impacts.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding infant microbiome assembly is vital for long-term health.
  • Interventions targeting microbiome development may reduce disease risks.
  • Further research is essential to optimize strategies and improve infant health outcomes.