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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
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Mutations01:39

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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
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Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation
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Radiation induced bystander effect and DNA damage.

Nasir Jalal1, Saba Haq, Namrah Anwar

  • 1Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics
|January 13, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Bystander effects (BSEs) from radiation are being re-examined. This review analyzes whether nuclear DNA damage is essential for bystander signal production, impacting cancer treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation biology
  • Cellular signaling

Background:

  • Bystander effects (BSEs) traditionally linked to radiation exposure.
  • Current debate questions the necessity of nuclear DNA damage for bystander signal (BSS) production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Analyze research on nuclear DNA damage vs. cytoplasmic targeting in ionizing radiation-induced BSEs.
  • Investigate cell models for tracking radiation-induced DNA damage and mutation spectra.
  • Discuss potential BSS candidates and signal transduction pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on radiation-induced bystander effects.
  • Analysis of studies differentiating nuclear and cytoplasmic targeting effects.
  • Examination of cell models for DNA damage and mutation spectrum analysis.

Main Results:

  • Bystander effects research is at a critical juncture regarding the role of nuclear DNA damage.
  • The production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is discussed as potential BSS.
  • Signal transduction pathways involved in BSS reception are analyzed.

Conclusions:

  • The role of nuclear DNA damage in BSEs requires further clarification.
  • Understanding BSS mechanisms is crucial for evaluating radiotherapy and chemotherapy efficacy.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge and highlights areas for future research.