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Related Concept Videos

Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism

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Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

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In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium
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[Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly].

A H Leischker1, G F Kolb

  • 1Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin und Altersmedizin, Alexianer Krefeld GmbH, Dießemer Bruch 81, 47805, Krefeld, Deutschland, andreas.leischker@alexianer.de.

Zeitschrift Fur Gerontologie Und Geriatrie
|January 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in older adults, vegans, and those with dementia. Early diagnosis and treatment, especially with parenteral hydroxocobalamin for severe symptoms, are crucial for reversing most manifestations.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Geriatrics
  • Nutrition

Context:

  • Vitamin B12 deficiency prevalence increases with age.
  • Dementia patients and their spouses are at higher risk.
  • Vegans are susceptible due to dietary restrictions.

Purpose:

  • To review the physiology and pathophysiology of vitamin B12 metabolism.
  • To present a practical, health-economic algorithm for diagnosing vitamin B12 deficiency.
  • To guide early identification and treatment of both typical and atypical presentations.

Summary:

  • Vitamin B12 is found in animal products; deficiency can occur with age, dementia, or vegan diets.
  • Most symptoms, excluding dementia-related ones, are reversible with timely and appropriate therapy.
  • A diagnostic algorithm considering economic factors is provided for rational laboratory testing.
  • Parenteral hydroxocobalamin is recommended for initial treatment of severe neurological symptoms.

Impact:

  • Facilitates early detection and intervention for vitamin B12 deficiency.
  • Highlights the importance of considering vitamin B12 status in at-risk populations.
  • Provides a framework for cost-effective laboratory diagnosis.
  • Emphasizes the reversibility of most deficiency symptoms with prompt treatment.