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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

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Maternal heavy alcohol use and toddler behavior problems: a fixed effects regression analysis.

Ann Kristin Knudsen1,2, Eivind Ystrom3,4, Jens Christoffer Skogen5,6

  • 1Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, 5018, Bergen, Norway. Ann.Knudsen@igs.uib.no.

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PubMed
Summary

Postnatal maternal heavy alcohol use was not causally linked to toddler behavior problems. Other maternal and family factors, not alcohol consumption itself, likely explain behavioral issues in children of mothers who drink heavily.

Keywords:
Behavior problemsFixed effects modelsHeavy alcohol useRepeated measures

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and postpartum is a public health concern.
  • Existing research suggests a link between maternal alcohol use and child behavioral outcomes.
  • Confounding factors may obscure the true association between postnatal maternal alcohol use and toddler behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between postnatal maternal heavy alcohol use and toddler behavior problems.
  • To control for observed and unobserved confounding factors using advanced statistical methods.
  • To determine if a causal relationship exists.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.
  • Employed fixed effects regression models to account for confounding.
  • Assessed maternal heavy alcohol use and toddler internalizing/externalizing behaviors at 18 and 36 months.

Main Results:

  • Initial analysis showed an association between heavy maternal alcohol use and toddler behavior problems.
  • This association disappeared after controlling for observed and unobserved confounders using fixed effects models.
  • No statistically significant causal effect was detected.

Conclusions:

  • Postnatal maternal heavy alcohol use does not have a direct causal effect on toddler behavior problems.
  • Observed and unobserved characteristics of mothers, toddlers, and families are likely responsible for behavioral issues.
  • Interventions for at-risk families should consider a broader range of factors beyond maternal alcohol use.