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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Lineage Commitment01:21

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Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
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Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts
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Metabolic restructuring and cell fate conversion.

Alessandro Prigione1, María Victoria Ruiz-Pérez, Raul Bukowiecki

  • 1Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany, alessandro.prigione@mdc-berlin.de.

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|January 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria and metabolism are crucial for stem cell pluripotency, proliferation, and differentiation. Understanding these processes enhances stem cell applications in regenerative medicine and disease modeling.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Metabolic Engineering
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondrial and metabolic pathways play key roles in cellular functions.
  • These pathways are increasingly recognized for their involvement in stem cell biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of mitochondrial and metabolic roles in stemness.
  • To highlight the connection between metabolism, signaling networks, and epigenetic modifications in cell fate decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on mitochondrial and metabolic pathways in stem cells.
  • Analysis of evidence from mouse embryos, adult stem cells, and pluripotent stem cells.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial and metabolic processes are intricately linked with signaling and epigenetic regulation in stem cells.
  • These mechanisms influence pluripotency, proliferation, and differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of mitochondrial and metabolic regulation is essential for advancing stem cell biology.
  • This knowledge can improve stem cell applications in biomedicine, cell therapy, and disease modeling.