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Related Concept Videos

Humanistic Psychology01:24

Humanistic Psychology

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Humanistic psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the deterministic and pessimistic nature of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. While behaviorism focused on observable behaviors influenced by the environment and psychoanalysis delved into unconscious motivations, both theories suggested that human actions lacked free will. In contrast, humanistic psychology offers a perspective that emphasizes the innate potential for goodness and growth within every individual.
This approach...
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Evolutionary Psychology01:20

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Evolutionary psychology explores the origins of human behavior and mental processes by framing them within the context of natural selection, a theory famously propounded by Charles Darwin. This field asserts that many behaviors common across human societies — ranging from instinctive fear reactions to complex social interactions — arose as evolutionary adaptations. These adaptations enhanced the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors, thereby becoming embedded in the...
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Cognitivism01:17

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Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
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Gestalt Psychology01:14

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Gestalt psychology, founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler, emphasizes the importance of understanding perception as an organized whole. Developed as a counter to Wilhelm Wundt's structuralism, this approach posits that our perceptions are more than just the sum of sensory parts; they are comprehensive wholes where the relationships between parts define the perception. The principle "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" encapsulates this view,...
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Freudian Psychology01:26

Freudian Psychology

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Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist born in 1856, significantly influenced psychology through his exploration of the unconscious mind. His interest in patients suffering from hysteria and neurosis — conditions without apparent physical causes — led him to theorize the existence of an unconscious mind, a repository for feelings and urges beyond our awareness. Freud's innovative approach included techniques such as dream analysis, free association, and attention to slips of the...
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Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
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Perspectives on Neuroscience
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Overview and Historical Perspectives.

James B Kaper1, Alison D O'Brien2

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21122.

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|January 16, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) infections cause severe human illness. Understanding STEC evolution reveals how different E. coli strains can cause disease when they acquire Shiga toxin genes.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Bacteriology

Background:

  • Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are significant human pathogens.
  • STEC cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
  • STEC pathogenesis involves Shiga toxins (Stx) and adherence factors.

Observation:

  • Phase one (1977-2011) identified E. coli O157:H7 as a prototype STEC causing attaching and effacing lesions.
  • Stx genes are phage-encoded; Stx2a is linked to severe disease.
  • A 2011 German outbreak involved a novel enteroaggregative E. coli O104:H4 strain with a Stx2a-converting phage.

Findings:

  • The 2011 outbreak demonstrated that diverse E. coli strains can cause severe illness if they acquire Stx2a.
  • Both attaching and effacing (E. coli O157:H7) and biofilm-like adherence (E. coli O104:H4) mechanisms can facilitate severe STEC disease.
  • Acquisition of Stx2a by any adherent E. coli strain poses a significant public health risk.

Implications:

  • Understanding STEC evolution and virulence mechanisms is crucial for public health.
  • This knowledge aids in developing strategies to prevent and control STEC outbreaks.
  • Further research into STEC pathogenesis and transmission is warranted.