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Related Concept Videos

Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

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Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
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Humoral Immune Responses01:36

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Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis
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Serum IgG subclasses in autoimmune diseases.

Haoze Zhang1, Ping Li, Di Wu

  • 1From the Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.

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|January 16, 2015
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Serum IgG subclass levels differ in autoimmune diseases like primary Sjogren syndrome (pSS) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Unlike IgG4-related diseases, elevated serum IgG4 was not a key feature in these conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses play crucial roles in immune responses.
  • Alterations in IgG subclass distribution are implicated in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases.
  • Understanding these patterns can aid in disease characterization and diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize serum IgG subclass levels in patients with primary Sjogren syndrome (pSS), systemic sclerosis (SSc), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).
  • To analyze the distribution of IgG subclasses across these autoimmune conditions.
  • To investigate the prevalence of elevated serum IgG4 levels in these diseases compared to healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 102 pSS, 102 SSc, 100 SLE, and 59 PBC patients, alongside 40 healthy controls (HCs).
  • Serum IgG subclass levels were quantified using the immunonephelometric assay.
  • Statistical analysis was performed to compare IgG subclass distributions between patient groups and HCs.

Main Results:

  • Significant increases in serum IgG1 and/or IgG3 levels were observed in autoimmune disease patients compared to HCs.
  • Elevated serum IgG4 levels (>135 mg/dL) were found in only 6.34% of patients, with no significant difference compared to HCs.
  • Distinct IgG subclass profiles were identified: higher IgG1 in pSS and increased IgG2/IgG3 in PBC.
  • Serum IgG subclass distribution varied significantly among different autoimmune diseases and compared to HCs.

Conclusions:

  • Serum IgG subclass distribution is markedly different in patients with autoimmune diseases compared to healthy individuals.
  • Specific IgG subclass patterns characterize distinct autoimmune conditions, such as pSS and PBC.
  • Elevated serum IgG4 is not a common feature in pSS, SSc, SLE, or PBC, differentiating them from IgG4-related diseases.