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Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
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As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
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Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

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Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and...
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
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Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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[Long-term efficacy and safety of divozilimab during 2-year treatment of multiple sclerosis patients in randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial BCD-132-4/MIRANTIBUS].

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[Cortical atrophy in multiple sclerosis].

L N Prakhova1, A G Il'ves1, E P Magonov1

  • 1FGBU "Institut mozga cheloveka im. N.P. Bekhterevoĭ" Rossiĭskoĭ akademii nauk, Sankt-Peterburg.

Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova
|January 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Regional cerebral cortex atrophy is an early indicator of multiple sclerosis (MS) progression, correlating with disability but not disease duration. This finding highlights its potential as a sensitive biomarker for MS.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging and Neuropathology
  • Biomarker Discovery in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Context:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system.
  • Accurate staging and monitoring of MS progression are crucial for effective treatment and management.
  • Cerebral cortex atrophy patterns may offer insights into disease mechanisms and severity.

Purpose:

  • To identify distinct patterns of cerebral cortex atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • To explore the potential of these patterns as paraclinical markers for MS staging, variant identification, and treatment efficacy assessment.

Summary:

  • A study analyzed MRI morphometric data from 117 MS patients and 25 controls using a novel algorithm.
  • Total cortex volume inversely correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores and neurological dysfunction.
  • Significant regional cortical atrophy was observed in 20 regions, particularly in patients with moderate to severe disability, and was detectable even in early disease stages.

Impact:

  • Regional cortical atrophy emerges as a sensitive neuroradiological biomarker for multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Findings may inform the development of objective methods for MS assessment and monitoring.
  • Understanding atrophy patterns can aid in evaluating treatment responses and disease progression.